The Governor of an Indian State – Powers, Functions, and Role in Indian Federalism

1. Introduction

The Governor is the constitutional head of each state in India. The office of the Governor is modeled after the President at the Union level. As per Article 153 of the Indian Constitution, there shall be a Governor for each state. The Governor serves as a vital link between the Union and the State governments, maintaining the balance of India’s federal system.

2. Appointment and Tenure

• The Governor is appointed by the President of India (Article 155).
• He/she holds office for a term of five years (Article 156), but serves at the pleasure of the President.
• The Governor must be:
  1. A citizen of India.
  2. At least 35 years of age.
• A Governor may be transferred from one state to another by the President.

3. Powers and Functions of the Governor

A. Executive Powers

• Appoints the Chief Minister and other ministers on the advice of the CM.
• Appoints the Advocate General, State Election Commissioner, and members of the State Public Service Commission.
• Administers oaths of office to ministers.
• Can recommend President’s Rule in the state under Article 356.

B. Legislative Powers

• Summons, prorogues, and dissolves the State Legislature.
• Gives assent to bills passed by the Legislative Assembly.
• Can reserve certain bills for the consideration of the President.
• Addresses the first session of the Legislature after elections.

C. Financial Powers

• Ensures that the Annual Budget (State Budget) is laid before the Legislature.
• No money bill can be introduced in the Assembly without his/her recommendation.
• Controls the Contingency Fund of the State.

D. Judicial Powers

• Has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and remissions of punishment for offenses against state laws.

E. Discretionary Powers

• Appointing a Chief Minister when no party has a clear majority.
• Dismissing a ministry that has lost the confidence of the House.
• Reserving a bill for the President’s consideration.

4. Role in Indian Federalism

The Governor acts as a bridge between the Centre and the State. However, the office has often been criticized for political misuse, especially during the imposition of President’s Rule. The Sarkaria Commission (1988) and Punchhi Commission (2010) have recommended reforms to make the Governor’s post more neutral and effective.