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In international relations (IR), power is often considered the cornerstone of how states interact, influence one another, and pursue their interests. It is the central force that determines the outcomes of conflicts, alliances, and diplomacy on the global stage. Power in IR encompasses a range of dimensions, including military strength, economic capability, diplomatic influence, and … Read more
The concept of national interest is a fundamental principle in international relations (IR), guiding states’ foreign policies and interactions with other global actors. It refers to the goals, objectives, or aspirations a country seeks to achieve, protect, or promote in the international system. Several key determinants shape a nation’s understanding and pursuit of its national … Read more
Feminism: Meaning, Nature, and Forms Feminism is a broad and diverse movement aimed at achieving gender equality and challenging the oppression and discrimination faced by women and marginalized gender groups. It advocates for equal rights, opportunities, and treatment for all genders, while also addressing the social, political, economic, and cultural structures that perpetuate gender inequality. … Read more
Feminist Perspective in Governance The feminist perspective in governance seeks to apply gender equality principles to the structures, processes, and outcomes of governance. It critiques traditional governance models that have often marginalized or excluded women and other gender minorities, and advocates for a more inclusive, participatory, and equitable approach to governance. Feminist governance calls for … Read more
Good Governance: Meaning, Features, and Key Elements Good governance refers to the process and practices by which public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in a manner that ensures transparency, accountability, participation, inclusiveness, and rule of law. It emphasizes how decisions are made, how public power is exercised, and how citizens are involved … Read more
New Public Service (NPS) Approach: Meaning and Features The New Public Service (NPS) is a governance model introduced by public administration scholars Janet V. Denhardt and Robert B. Denhardt in their book “The New Public Service: Serving, Not Steering” (2003). The NPS approach emphasizes the role of public servants as facilitators and stewards of democracy, … Read more
New Public Administration (NPA) emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s as a response to the perceived limitations of traditional public administration. It was a reaction to the socio-political challenges of the time, such as civil rights movements, social inequality, and increasing demands for government accountability and responsiveness. NPA emphasized the need for a … Read more
Public Policy : Meaning, Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation Meaning of Public Policy Public policy refers to a set of actions, decisions, and laws formulated by government institutions to address societal issues and promote the public good. It is a deliberate strategy or course of action that guides government decisions on how to address problems in … Read more
Public Policy: Meaning and Features Meaning of Public Policy Public policy refers to a set of actions, decisions, and plans formulated by governmental authorities—at the local, national, or international level—to address issues or problems within society. It involves the development and implementation of laws, regulations, courses of action, and funding priorities to achieve specific objectives … Read more
Entrepreneurship: Meaning, Characteristics, Features, and Qualities Meaning of Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship refers to the process of identifying, creating, and exploiting opportunities by organizing and managing resources to bring innovative products, services, or processes to market. It involves the act of starting and building a business or organization to achieve economic, social, or personal goals. Entrepreneurs take … Read more
