1. Populism as a Determinant of Voting Behaviour

Meaning of Populism

Populism is a style of politics where leaders or parties appeal directly to the masses by promising quick benefits, welfare schemes, and portraying themselves as representatives of “common people” against elites.

In simple words:
👉 “Janata ko direct attract karna through promises & welfare.”

Features of Populist Politics

• Focus on welfare schemes (free ration, electricity, cash transfers)
• Emotional slogans and mass appeal
• Strong, charismatic leadership
• “Pro-poor” and “anti-elite” narrative

How Populism Influences Voting Behaviour

1. Economic Benefits – Voters support parties offering subsidies and freebies.
2. Emotional Appeal – Leaders connect with people’s emotions rather than ideology.
3. Immediate Gains – Short-term benefits influence voting decisions.
4. Mass Mobilisation – Large rallies and social media campaigns attract voters.

Positive Impact of Populism

✅ Helps poor and marginalised sections
✅ Increases political participation
✅ Makes governments responsive to public needs

Negative Impact

❌ Encourages vote-bank politics
❌ Financial burden on state economy
❌ Weakens long-term policy planning

2. Caste as a Determinant of Voting Behaviour

Meaning

Caste is a traditional social system in India and plays a major role in shaping political preferences and voting patterns.

Role of Caste in Voting Behaviour

1. Caste Identity
   • Voters often support candidates from their own caste.
2. Caste-Based Political Parties
   • Some parties mobilise voters based on caste groups.
3. Social Solidarity
   • Caste creates group loyalty influencing collective voting.
4. Reservation Politics
   • Issues of SC/ST/OBC reservation influence voter choice.

Caste and Electoral Politics

• Political parties distribute tickets considering caste equations.
• Alliances are formed to combine caste vote banks.
• Leaders emerge as representatives of particular caste groups.

Positive Role of Caste in Voting

✅ Political empowerment of backward classes
✅ Representation of marginalised communities
✅ Social justice and inclusion

Negative Role of Caste

❌ Divides society
❌ Promotes identity politics over development
❌ Weakens national unity

Comparison: Populism vs Caste

Conclusion

Voting behaviour in India is shaped by multiple determinants, among which populism and caste play a significant role.
While populism attracts voters through welfare promises and emotional appeal, caste influences voting through identity and social structure.
Together, they reflect the complex and diverse nature of Indian democracy.